This is a collection of vetted and reputable articles regarding COVID-19 vaccine information. No hyperbole. No fluff. Only well-researched work.
Table of Contents
Latest News Articles
How Moderna designed the Coronavirus vaccine in 2 days – November 26, 2020
Susie Neilson, Andrew Dunn, and Aria Bendixfrom Business Insider detail the story of Moderna rapidly creating a COVID-19 vaccine with 94.5% effectiveness in a mere 2 days.
https://www.businessinsider.com/moderna-designed-coronavirus-vaccine-in-2-days-2020-11
mRNA: This once dismissed idea became a leading technology in the race to a COVID-19 vaccine – November 10, 2020
This article by Damian Garde of STAT and Jonathan Saltman of the Boston Globe cover the long history of mRNA, stretching back as far as 1990.
Read the full article here: https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/
Cited paper: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1690918/
COVID-19 Vaccine Trials
| Molecular platform | Total number of candidates | Number of candidates in human trials |
|---|---|---|
| Non-replicating viral vector | 31 | 4 |
| RNA-based | 31 | 3 |
| Inactivated virus | 14 | 3 |
| Protein subunit | 76 | 3 |
| DNA-based | 19 | 0 |
| Replicating viral vector | 21 | 0 |
| Virus-like particle | 13 | 0 |
| Live attenuated virus | 4 | 0 |
| Vaccine candidates, developers, sponsors | Technology | Current phase (participants) design | Completed phase[a] (participants) Immune response, adverse effects | Clinical trial site(s) | Duration[b] | Authorization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BNT162b2 BioNTech, Fosun Pharma, Pfizer | mRNA | Phase III (30,000)[86] Randomized, placebo-controlledPositive results from an interim analysis were announced on 18 November 2020.[87] | Phase I–II (45) Strong RBD-binding IgG and neutralizing antibody response peaked 7 days after a booster dose, robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, undetermined durability. Adverse effects: dose-dependent and moderate including pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, chills, muscle and joint pain, fever[88] | 62 in the US, Germany | Apr 2020 – Nov 2020[89][90] | EUA pending US FDA,[91] and EU EMA[92]approved UK MHRA[10] |
| AZD1222 University of Oxford, AstraZeneca | Modified chimpanzee adenovirus vector (ChAdOx1) | Phase III (30,000) Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity.[97] Brazil (5,000)[98]International enrolment of the Phase III trial was paused on 8 September 2020, due to an adverse neurological event in one participant,[99] but resumed on 12 September in the UK.[100] On 23 October, AstraZeneca said it will resume the trial in the US.[101]Positive results from an interim analysis were announced on 23 November 2020.[8][9] | Phase I–II (543) Spike-specific antibodies at day 28; neutralizing antibodies after a booster dose at day 56. Adverse effects: pain at the injection site, headache, fever, chills, muscle ache, malaise in more than 60% of participants; paracetamol allowed for some participants to increase tolerability[102] | 20 in the UK, São Paulo | May 2020 – Aug 2021 | |
| Ad5-nCoV CanSinoBIO, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, NPO Petrovax | Recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector | Phase III (40,000) global multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy, safety and immunogenicity in Mexico,[105] Pakistan,[106] Russia (500),[103] Saudi Arabia[107][108] | Phase II (508) Neutralizing antibody and T cell responses. Adverse effects: moderate over 7 days: 74% had fever, pain, fatigue[109] | China,Pakistan, 4 in Russia[103] | Mar – Dec 2020 in ChinaSep 2020 – Dec 2021 in Pakistan Sep 2020 – Nov 2020 in Russia[103] | |
| Unnamed Sinopharm: Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (vero cells) | Phase III (48,000) Randomized, double-blind, parallel placebo-controlled, to evaluate safety and protective efficacy in the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan,[111] and Argentina[112]UAE and Bahrain have approved the vaccine for emergency use by front-line healthcare workers in September and November respectively.[113] [114] | Phase I–II (320) Neutralizing antibodies at day 14 after 2 injections; Adverse effects: injection site pain and fever, which were mild and self-limiting; no serious effects[115] | Jiaozuo,Abu Dhabi | Jul 2020 – Jul 2021 in Abu Dhabi | EUA in China,[116] Bahrain,[117] and UAE[118] |
| CoronaVac Sinovac | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Phase III (33,620) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy and safety in Brazil (15,000);[122] Chile (3,000);[123] Indonesia (1,620); Turkey (13,000)[124]Brazil paused Phase III trials on November 10 after the suicide of a volunteer in the trials before resuming them on November 11.[125] | Phase II (600) Immunogenicity eliciting 92% seroconversion at lower dose and 98% at higher dose after 14 days; Adverse effects: mild in severity, pain at injection site[126] | 2 in China; 22 in Brazil;[127] Bandung, Indonesia[128] | Jul 2020 – Oct 2021 in BrazilAugust 2020 – January 2021 in Bandung, Indonesia | |
| Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; trade name: Sputnik V | Non-replicating viral vector | Phase III (40,000) Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled to evaluate efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety[129] | Phase I–II (76) Neutralizing antibody and T cell responses. Adverse effects: pain at injection site, fever, headache, weakness, and muscle/joint pain[130] | Moscow | Jun 2020[130] – May 2021 | |
| mRNA-1273[131][132] Moderna, NIAID, BARDA | Lipid nanoparticle dispersion containing mRNA | Phase III (30,000) Interventional; randomized, placebo-controlled study for efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity.Positive results from an interim analysis were announced on 15 November 2020.[133] | Phase I (45) Dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response on two-dose schedule; undetermined durability. Adverse effects: fever, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, and pain at the injection site[134][135] | 89 in the US | July 2020 – October 2022 | EUA pending approval by US FDA,[136] EU EMA, and UK MHRA[137] |
| Ad26.COV2.S Janssen Pharmaceutica (Johnson & Johnson), BIDMC | Non-replicating viral vector | Phase III (60,000) Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlledTemporarily paused on 13 October 2020, due to an unexplained illness in a participant.[141] Johnson & Johnson announced, on 23 October, that they are preparing to resume the trial in the US.[142][143] | Phase I–II (1,045) Preprint. Seroconversion for S antibodies over 95%. Adverse effects: injection site pain, fatigue, headache and myalgia | 291 in US, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, South Africa and Ukraine | Jul 2020 – 2023 | |
| NVX-CoV2373 Novavax | SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle with adjuvant | Phase III (15,000) Randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial[145] | Phase I–II (131) IgG and neutralizing antibody response with adjuvant after booster dose. Adverse effects: short-duration, low grade, local pain, headache, fatigue, myalgia[146] | UK | Sep 2020 – Jan 2021 | |
| BBV152 (Covaxin)Bharat Biotech, Indian Council of Medical Research, | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Phase III (25,800)Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled[147] | Pending Phase I–II report | India | Nov 2020 – Mar 2022 | |
| CoVLPMedicago, GSK | Virus-like particles | Phase II–III (30,612)Event-driven, randomized, observer blinded, placebo-controlled[148] | Phase I (180)Neutralizing antibodies at day 42 after the first injection (day 21 after the second injection) were at levels 10x that of COVID-19 survivors.[149][150] | Canada | Nov 2020 – Apr 2022 | |
| Unnamed[3][4][5][151] Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. | Recombinant protein subunit | Phase II (900) Interventional; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled [152] | Phase I (50) | Chongqing | Jun 2020 – Sep 2021 | |
| CVnCoV[153] CureVac, CEPI | mRNA | Phase II (691) Partially observer-blind, multicenter, controlled, dose-confirmation[154] | Phase I (168) | Ghent, 3 in Germany | Jun 2020 – Aug 2021 | |
| INO-4800[e][155][156] Inovio, CEPI, Korea National Institute of Health, International Vaccine Institute | DNA plasmid delivered by electroporation | Phase I–II (40) | Pending Phase I report | 3 in the US, Seoul | Apr–Nov 2020 | |
| EpiVacCorona[157] Vector | Vaccine based on peptide antigens[157] | Phase I–II (100) Simple, blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity[157] | Pending Phase I–II report | Russia | Jul 2020[157] – ? | |
| Unnamed[158] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 | Phase I–II (942) Randomized, double-blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled | Chengdu | Jun 2020 – Sep 2021 | ||
| AG0301-COVID‑19[159] AnGes Inc.,[160] AMED | DNA plasmid | Phase I–II (30) Non-randomized, single-center, two doses | Osaka | Jun 2020 – Jul 2021 | ||
| Lunar-COV19/ARCT-021[161][162]Arcturus Therapeutics | mRNA | Phase I–II (92) Randomized, double-blinded | Singapore | Aug 2020 – ? | ||
| COVID‑19/aAPC[163] Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[164] | Lentiviral vector with minigene modifying aAPCs | Phase I (100) | Shenzhen | Mar 2020 – 2023 | ||
| LV-SMENP-DC[165] Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[164] | Lentiviral vector with minigene modifying DCs | Phase I (100) | Shenzhen | Mar 2020 – 2023 | ||
| LNP-nCoVsaRNA[166] MRC clinical trials unit at Imperial College London | mRNA | Phase I (105) Randomized trial, with dose escalation study (15) and expanded safety study (at least 200) | 4 in the UK | Jun 2020 – Jul 2021 | ||
| GX-19[167][168] Genexine consortium,[169] International Vaccine Institute | DNA | Phase I (40) | Seoul | Jun 2020 – Jun 2022 | ||
| SCB-2019[170][171] Clover Biopharmaceuticals,[172] GSK | Spike protein trimeric subunit with GSK adjuvant | Phase I (150) | Perth | Jun 2020 – Mar 2021 | ||
| COVAX-19[173] Vaxine Pty Ltd[174] | Recombinant protein | Phase I (40) | Adelaide | Jun 2020 – Jul 2021 | ||
| Unnamed[175] PLA Academy of Military Science, Walvax Biotech[176] | mRNA | Phase I (168) | 2 in China | Jun 2020 – Dec 2021 | ||
| CoVLPs GSK, Medicago[180] (governments of Canada and Quebec) | Recombinant plant-based VLP with GSK adjuvant | Phase I (180) Randomized, dose-ranging | 2 in Canada | Jul 2020 – Apr 2021 | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp[ UQ, Syneos Health, CEPI, Seqirus | Molecular clamp stabilized spike protein with MF59 | Phase I (120) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging | Brisbane | Jul–Oct 2020 |
Government Health Organization COVID-19 Vaccine Hubs
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Non-Government Organization COVID-19 Vaccine Hubs
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
Population Services International
Wikimedia’s Wikipedia COVID-19 Vaccine page
Healthcare Company COVID-19 Pages
Abbvie Research and Development – American
Bayer Treatment for COVID-19 – German
CVS Health COVID-19 Resource Center – American
GlaxoSmithKline COVID-19 Solutions – British
Johnson & Johnson Vaccine and Therapies for COVID-19 – American
Merck COVID-19 Response – American
Novartis CAN-COVID Clinical Trial – Swiss
Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine – American
Roche COVID-19 Response – Swiss
Sanofi’s Response – French
UnitedHealth Group COVID-19 Newsroom – American
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